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A look at the shareholders of Ebang International Holdings Inc. The Company plans to begin volume production of its 6 nm chip when it determines market conditions become suitable. Looking forward, we plan to continue developing ASIC chips designed for more mainstream cryptocurrency machines, which we believe will increase our revenue in the digital currency business and optimize our product offering structure along the blockchain industry value chain. Shareholders are cautioned not to place undue reliance on this press release or the forward-looking statements contained herein.
About Ebang International Holdings Inc. Ebang International Holdings Inc. With years of industry experience and expertise in ASIC chip design, it has become a leading bitcoin mining machine producer in the global market with steady access to wafer foundry capacity. With its licensed or registered entities in various jurisdictions, the Company seeks to launch a professional, convenient and innovative digital asset financial service platform to expand into the upstream and the downstream of blockchain and cryptocurrency industry value chain.
Safe Harbor Statement This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of , as amended, and as defined in the U. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of Further information regarding these and other risks, uncertainties or factors is included in the Company's filings with the U.
Securities and Exchange Commission. A simple estimation of the lower bound of the energy consumption related to nonmining nodes carried out during this study showed that in nonmining nodes consumed 0. Details on the calculation used to derive this energy consumption is provided in SI Section 6. Uncertainty of this calculation is high, though, as changing the assumptions regarding the computers used by the nodes could lead to a much higher impact, and this uncertainty should be addressed in future research.
This analysis of the Bitcoin mining network contributes with a strictly technical perspective to the broader discussion on the sustainability of the international cryptocurrency. The results should be considered in the larger context of a borderless currency that is difficult to regulate and where political and economic concerns play as important a role as technical and environmental ones.
Bitcoin is not only difficult to regulate because it is a global currency, but also because of its governance structure. Any changes of protocol would have to be proposed by developers and then be supported by a sufficient number of miners and users 11 involving a large number of people in the process.
Therefore, it is important to remember socio-political aspects, but any discussion concerning regulation should be founded on a technical understanding.
This analysis of the Bitcoin network is not transferable to all applications of blockchain but is limited to the Bitcoin PoW blockchain. The environmental impact of different kinds of blockchains that use a consensus mechanism other than PoW, such as proof-of-stake PoS , can be expected to be much lower since no electricity-intensive mining is necessary. In order to add a new block in PoS, users who stake a certain amount of cryptocurrency are randomly selected.
This study further adds a forward-looking perspective. The consequential model helps understanding the environmental impacts associated with future developments of the Bitcoin network. The hashrate of the network is expected to continue growing. For example McCook 22 estimates this growth to be around 5. Growing mining efficiency is likely to increase the overall hashrate as a lower electricity consumption per TH means lower electricity costs for the miners.
However, in the long term, the hashrate might stagnate as network security reaches a satisfactory level and rates of return for miners might decrease with the shift from Bitcoin rewards to transaction fees as the primary income. Supporting Information. Author Information. Consensus in the Age of Blockchains.
Google Scholar There is no corresponding record for this reference. Change , August , — , DOI: Ssrn , 1 — 37 , DOI: Copyright in the Blockchain Era: Promises and Challenges. Law Secur. Energy Res. Change , 8 November , — , DOI: Joule , 2 5 , — , DOI: Is Bitcoin the Only Problem? DOI: Recent Developments in Life Ycle Assessment. Journal of environmental management , 91 1 , ISSN:. Life Cycle Assessment is a tool to assess the environmental impacts and resources used throughout a product's life cycle, i.
The aim of this paper is to provide a review of recent developments of LCA methods. The focus is on some areas where there has been an intense methodological development during the last years. We also highlight some of the emerging issues. In relation to the Goal and Scope definition we especially discuss the distinction between attributional and consequential LCA. For the Inventory Analysis, this distinction is relevant when discussing system boundaries, data collection, and allocation.
In the sections on Life Cycle Impact Assessment we discuss the characteristics of the modelling as well as some recent developments for specific impact categories and weighting. In relation to the Interpretation the focus is on uncertainty analysis. Finally, we discuss recent developments in relation to some of the strengths and weaknesses of LCA.
Life Cycle Assess. The modeling of 2 emerging electricity systems based on renewable energy, photovoltaic PV and wind power, is presented. Twelve different, grid-connected photovoltaic systems were studied for conditions in Switzerland. The assessment of wind power included 4 different wind turbines with power rating between 30 kW and kW and 2 wind turbines assumed representative for European conditions - kW onshore and 2 MW offshore.
The inventory takes into account the construction of the plants including the connection to the elec. The life cycle inventory anal. A life cycle impact assessment LCIA shows that there are important environmental impacts not directly related to the energy use e. Material consumption for the main parts of the wind turbines gives the dominant contributions to the cumulative results for electricity prodn. The complex installation of offshore turbines, with requirements of concrete for the foundation and the assumption of a shorter lifetime compared to onshore foundations, compensate the advantage of increased offshore wind speeds.
The life cycle inventories for photovoltaic power plants are representative for newly constructed plants and for the av. The differences for environmental burdens of wind power basically depend upon the capacity factor of the plants, the lifetime of the infrastructure, and the rated power. The higher these factors, the more reduced the environmental burdens are. Thus, both systems are dependent on meteorol. Caduff, Marloes; Huijbregts, Mark A. American Chemical Society. Wind energy is a fast-growing and promising renewable energy source.
The investment costs of wind turbines have decreased over the years, making wind energy economically competitive to conventionally produced electricity. Size scaling in the form of a power law, experience curves and progress rates are used to est. In life cycle assessment, scaling and progress rates are seldom applied to est.
This study quantifies whether the trend toward larger turbines affects the environmental profile of the generated electricity. Previously published life cycle inventories were combined with an engineering-based scaling approach as well as European wind power statistics. The results showed that the larger the turbine is, the greener the electricity becomes. This effect was caused by pure size effects of the turbine micro level as well as learning and experience with the technol.
The parameters, hub height and rotor diam. Cox, Brian; Mutel, Christopher L. The future environmental impacts of battery elec. Previous studies have shown these impacts to be highly uncertain, though a detailed treatment of this uncertainty is still lacking. We help to fill this gap by using Monte Carlo and global sensitivity anal.
First, we include changes to driving patterns due to the introduction of autonomous and connected vehicles. Second, we deeply integrate scenario results from the IMAGE integrated assessment model into our life cycle database to include the impacts of changes to the electricity sector on the environmental burdens of producing and recharging future EVs.
Electricity used for charging is the largest source of variability in results, though vehicle size, lifetime, driving patterns, and battery size also strongly contribute to variability. We also show that it is imperative to consider changes to the electricity sector when calcg. Cleaner Prod.
The challenge of assessing emerging technologies with life cycle assessment LCA has been increasingly discussed in the LCA field. The aim of the article is to provide a no.
The recommendations are based on a detailed review of selected prospective LCA case studies, mainly from the areas of nanomaterials, biomaterials, and energy technologies. We find that it is important to include technol. Predictive scenarios and scenario ranges are two general approaches to prospective inventory modeling of both foreground and background systems. Many different data sources are available for prospective modeling of the foreground system: scientific articles; patents; expert interviews; unpublished exptl.
However, we caution against temporal mismatches between foreground and background systems, and recommend that foreground and background system impacts be reported sep.
Greenhouse gas accountings, commonly referred to with the popular term carbon footprints CFP , are a widely used metric of climate change impacts and the main focus of many sustainability policies among companies and authorities. However, environmental sustainability concerns not just climate change but also other environmental problems, like chem. But how real is this risk. The authors model and analyze the life cycle impacts from about different products, technologies, and services taken from several sectors, including energy generation, transportation, material prodn.